Despite the fact that significant improvements in health levels and population coverage by healthcare services have been internationally recorded in recent decades, inequalities persist both between countries and among socioeconomic groups and geographic regions, and in some cases have widened. Individuals belonging to lower socioeconomic groups exhibit higher rates of morbidity, mortality, and disability, use healthcare services to a lesser extent than expected based on their needs, and often have to participate in the cost of providing certain healthcare services, with a high share of their income. The austerity policies implemented in many European countries, including Greece, as well as the privatization of healthcare services promoted by liberal-inspired reforms, are expected to further exacerbate the problem. In this context, this volume aims to summarize the basic discussion taking place internationally and outline the existing situation in Greece.